The Petes generated plenty of chances, putting 47 shots on Kingston's net, but Frontenacs goaltender Royden Smith turned aside 44 of them to earn first-star honours.
For Peterborough, the night included a memorable moment for first-round pick Landon Roulston, who scored his first career OHL goal just 8:37 into his first game.
Roulston wasted little time making an impression in his first regular-season game.
The Petes' first-round selection opened the scoring at 8:37 of the first period, converting a setup from Leon Kolarik and Yanis Lutz.
It was the first career OHL goal for Roulston, giving the home crowd an early reason to celebrate.
Peterborough outshot Kingston 15-4 in the opening period but carried a 1-0 lead into the intermission.
After going 16:30 without a shot on net, the Frontenacs found their offence late in the second period, scoring three times to take a 3-1 lead.
Nolan Snyder tied the game at 12:22 before Alex McLean and Dante D'Andrea scored in the final two minutes of the period, 52 seconds apart, with D'Andrea's goal coming with just 1:04 remaining.
Despite putting 18 shots on goal in the period, the Petes couldn't find a way past Smith.
Kingston extended its lead just 46 seconds into the third period when Aleks Kulemin scored on the power play.
Peterborough responded at 8:45, with Adam Levac scoring his first of the season on a power play, assisted by Lutz and Cooper Dennis.
The Frontenacs answered just 45 seconds later through Landon Wright, restoring their three-goal advantage.
Kolarik brought the Petes back within two at 11:47, scoring with Dennis and Matthew Perreault earning assists.
But McLean added his second goal of the night at 14:37 to complete the scoring.